Investing in property shares

Putting resources into property shares http://ezinearticles.com/?Pros-and-Cons-of-Indirect-Investingid=1506834: Contributing in a roundabout way implies buying portions of organizations that hold enormous arrangement of protections for their investors. Backhanded contributing is an incredible open door for the individuals who are happy to begin contributing with a modest quantity, having no past information or experience of securities exchanges good and bad times. You can choose if circuitous contributing is the correct decision for you subsequent to looking at the accompanying highlights. The points of interest related with putting resources into property shares is that speculators gain from more noteworthy liquidity since property organization shares are traded on an open market and the time taken to purchase and sell these offers is far shorter than the time taken to purchase and sell genuine property. Speculators can make enhanced property arrangement of property organization shares at generally low expenses and by and large, becoming tied up with broadened property portfolios in gaining those offers. Exchange costs are lower than direct buy. At long last since the cost of traded on an open market shares are known at some random time, there are no vulnerabilities with respect to the estimation of them. This is a balance to coordinate speculation with the purchasing and selling of genuine property, whereby it can take only days to set up the qualities. Potentially the greatest preferred position of roundabout speculation is the skill and exclusive expectation the executives that joins putting resources into backhanded property venture vehicles, to the extent somebody who thinks minimal about property speculation is concerned. Property venture organizations have specialists represent considerable authority in speculation examination and portfolio the board and these organizations will consistently have a superior potential for success for positive yields when contrasted with a typical man who scarcely thinks about budgetary markets. Moreover another preferred position with aberrant venture vehicles is the open door for the financial specialist to gain by limits and premiums, particularly on account of close-finished assets. The net resource estimation of venture companys share prop up here and there dependent on companys execution and these offers are not generally exchanged on net resource esteem. Whenever sold at a value lower at that point net resource esteem, these are supposed to be sold at markdown and on the off chance that the cost is higher, at that point net resource esteem, they are selling at premium. This gives a chance to acquire, in any event, when the Net Asset Value has not changed. Neverthless there are detriments to putting resources into property shares. Right off the bat, the costs of property shares go here and there with the financial exchange, as such they are more voliatilie. Somewhere in the range of 1970 and 1992 the annualized standard deviation of UK property shares was 27 percent contrasted with 11 percent for direct property as estimated by the Jones Lang Wooton Index (Barkham and Gelthbner, 1995). It ought to be noticed that when the effect of outfitting was expelled structure property share costs and when the JLW arrangement desmoothed, the standard deviations were much clooser in extent. Since as per fund hypothesis, hazard balanced returns ought to adjust, property organizations should offer higher normal execution to remunerate financial specialists with this unpredictability. Besides another detriment is that since property organizations are burdened on their benefits , their is no full assessment straightforwardness . As such duty excluded s peculators, for example, annuity reserves can't guarantee back enterprise charge. A striking inconvenience of putting resources into aberrant property vehicles is that albeit shared assets are overseen by qualified experts and specialists, no master can ensure a benefit on each venture made. There are numerous wild factors included and afterward there is consistently an opportunity of capricious occurring, regularly alluded to as the extraordinary obscure. Shared assets can be separated into various classes on premise of hazard, for instance half and half reserve being less dangerous while particular stock supports falling in the high hazard exceptional yield classification. Another disservice is the charges associated with becoming tied up with property offers, trusts and assets. Venture organizations don't give the excellent portfolio the executives benefits for nothing. This can off putting to the future financial specialist since they likewise need to pay extra accuses related of managing through a dealer as most property venture organizations don't offer direct buy plans. Likewise, the vast majority of these organizations run exorbitant advertising and deals battle in view of rivalry. Some piece of this cost is likewise charged from financial specialists, known as deals load. Furthermore, another disservice is the absence of control that the speculator has in directing their ventures. This can be off putting to a speculator who needs control and they need to then again depend completely on the companys the executives choices with respect to venture. Another deficiency is that putting resources into property offers, trusts and assets are not ensured by any administration body or specialists nor do they give a particular insurance. The investor has little impact over the acquistion and removal choices made by the organization, nor overfinancing decisons (the measure of obtaining - equipping or influence and the giving of new offers which weaken the benefit of existing offers). Since share costs ought to reflect decisions about the nature of the executives, the value markets gives some type of control. The investor may likewise think that its hard to get full data on the property resources and advancement plans of the organization, especially where there exi st complex possession structures with joint endeavors and shaky shet property. The benefits of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) are similar to that of property partakes as far as parcel size, liquidity, open exchanging and value data, with the additional bit of leeway of expense straightforwardness. The same number of scientists have called attention to, there has been an unstable development of the REIT showcase. For instance the market capitalisation of the business has gone from $1.88 billion of every 1972 to $44.31 billion out of 1994 for the all out record with a substaintial measure of that development in the value file (without human services). Likewise the breakdown between two kinds of REITs in the record was as per the following: 205 value REITs with a revealed esteem if $62.06 billion (70.4 percent of all out assest esteem); 32 home loan REITs with an announced estimation of $21.78 billion (24.7 percent); and 23 half breed REITs with a detailed estimation of $4.34 billion (4.9 percent). This blast in the market was an immediate aftereffect of th e 1986 Tax Reform Act that permitted more prominent administration adaptability and set up a less prohibitive assessment condition as such more duty straightforwardness, making the conditions for development in the REIT showcase. In any case, in a similar manner as property organization shares, REITs display higher unpredictability than the immediate market. The upsides of putting resources into Property Unit Trusts and Managed Funds is that they offer moderately low unit costs , permitting speculators to procure an enthusiasm for an enhanced property portfolio without inordinate responsibility of capital. Anyway there are likely weaknesses as far as absence of the executives control and illiquidity. In principle, there is some liquidity in that units might be reclaimed on a month to month premise. By and by, in a poor market or when a when a high extent of units are endeavoring to sell, the supervisor may concede recovery. Moreover, the spread (hole between unit buy and recovery costs) will in general increment when there is selling pressure, hurting execution. At long last, since selling compel will in general happen in falling markets, deals occur in poor conditions and are, basically, constrained as opposed to open market deals. These disservices temper the advantages as far as part size and broadening. The burdens of traditional obligation instruments, for example, contracts, contract debentures and bonds is that the loan specialist as a financial specialist can't profit by any development in rents and capital qualities: there is drawback, yet no upside chance. The hazard balanced return will, in this manner, change with conditions in the property showcase. Imaginative types of obligation subsidizing have comparative trademark. Profound rebate bonds are sol less than impressive (that is, at not exactly their face and reclamation esteem) with the goal that the speculator acquires capital development on recovery. Various cross breed obligation value instruments have been created which empower the financial specialist to partake in showcase execution. Since convertible home loans will be credits made sure about on a property (or, conceivably, an arrangement of properties). The bank has an alternative to change over a few or the entirety of the advance into an immediate or roundabout v alue enthusiasm for the property. Subsequently, the moneylender can profit by more prominent than foreseen development in the property showcase. The borrower can profit by lower financing costs or from the moneylender allowing a higher advance to esteem proportion, along these lines decreasing the borrowers own value input. Besides there are duty and bookkeeping preferences in taking an interest contract structures for both the borrower and the loan specialist, whereby the bank gets a premium identified with the deal cost (or concurred valuation) at recovery. In any case, a lawful issue the way that the moneylenders call choice goes about as an obstruct the value of reclamation, keeping a borrower from clearing obligation and in this manner claiming the benefit unhampered has, at the hour of composing, not been conclusively settled and has been the subject of Law Commission considerations in the UK. The chief favorable circumstances of property subsidiaries identify with their low unit costs , the capacity to equip speculation and the capacity to pick up presentation to the property showcase without causing elevated levels of explicit hazard (for instance, a PIC empowered a speculator to follow the IPD portfolio at that point esteemed at some  £40bn) for just  £250,000. Be that as it may, there are various downsides. These incorporate inquiries concerning the data substance of business property files, slacks in the distribution of the lists and the way that the financial specialist is getting tied up with normal execution and can't would like to outperf

Issue reaction Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Issue response Paper - Essay Example For this situation, it is apparent that fear based oppression is liable for monetary misfortunes, death toll, and the inability to accomplish world harmony with psychological warfare instrumental in guaranteeing that the essential opportunities of individuals are not adequately accomplished. Notwithstanding the issues raised by Mathew being significant and requiring earnest consideration, this exposition sets that fear based oppression is the best danger in America, yet on the planet over. The September 11 assaults featured the ID of psychological oppression as the best danger in America. Therefore, talk was molded around fear based oppression and different issues generally took a behind the stage with the division of resistance staying one of the most subsidized offices in the nation so as to secure the America, its residents, and its interests.2Nonetheless, Mathew demonstrates that the biggest test, and danger, that the nation faces isn't psychological oppression, however it is wit h issues identified with the medical problems, for example, clinical protection, underage drinking, malignant growth, and inadequate firearm control.3 It is obvious that Mathew has a point on the significance of tending to these issues. Utilizing the issue of firearm control as a delineation, there has been an extraordinary worry in the nation following different episodes of mass shootings that feature the significance of exacting principles that forestall shooting occurrences in school and different spots. To feature the significance of tight guidelines in firearm control, a man started shooting in Connecticut’s Sandy Hook Elementary School and executed around 27 individuals a year ago with 18 of these individuals being school children.4It is imperative to bring up this is one episode, among numerous different occurrences, which feature the significance of weapon control in the nation. In light of this proof, it is essential to call attention to that this issue stays a dange r to America in spite of the fact that it isn't as a greater danger than the danger presented by psychological oppression. In contrast to episodes of firearm use, psychological warfare occurrences can cause incredible ruin not exclusively to the present age, yet additionally to people in the future. Subsequently, I don't concur with the announcement â€Å"Terrorism isn't the Greatest Threat† since the danger presented by fear mongering is significantly more than the danger presented by these different issues that Mathew featured. Psychological warfare is answerable for making dread in the general public, which adds to low profitability in individuals since they live in consistent dread. In an examination led after the 9/11 assaults, a lion's share of individuals living in significant urban communities were apprehensive when going to work since they didn't have the foggiest idea when psychological oppressors would strike next.5Other than making dread among the residents of Ame rica and the world over, the monetary misfortunes coming about because of fear mongering are tremendous. For this situation, it is clear that fear exercises bring colossal misfortunes that influence the country’s economy. Alone, the 9/11 assaults added to a $3.3 trillion misfortune in the economy as brought up by specialists with these misfortunes emerging from the cost and physical harm, sway on the economy, and the expense of participating in war so as to prevent future attacks.6 From the previous, it is clear that there are different issues that are a danger to Americans. For this situation, issues identified with elements, for example, firearm control, clinical protection, disease, and numerous others are a danger to America. Critically, these issues prompted Mathew’

Domain Name Dispute Assessment Task Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Area Name Dispute Assessment Task - Essay Example lso contends that the respondent has no privilege or authentic enthusiasm for the space name, and that the area name is utilized by the respondent in awful faith.3 The complainant is looking for the main cure accessible under the Policy, to be specific transference of the space name being referred to. The respondent denies that the complainant has a precedent-based law tradename and contends that if the complainant demonstrates something else, the grumbling is denied completely. The discretion choices lays on deciding if the protest validates an instance of ‘cybersquatting.’4 The term cybersquatting alludes to a circumstance wherein an area name having a place with one gathering is thusly utilized for evil purposes by another,5or rather, an instance of ‘abusive registration.’6 Essentially, so as to demonstrate cybersquatting, the complainant must fulfill three components: the space name utilized by the respondent is indistinguishable or confusingly like either a trademark or ‘service’ to which the complainant has an intrigue or rights; the respondent doesn't have an authentic intrigue or right in the space name; and the respondent is utilizing the space name in awful faith.7 Before managing the three components vital for validating the complainant’s case, it is important to manage the trademark issue raised by the respondent. What recognizes the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UNDRP) from the au. Strategy is that under the au. Strategy, it isn't fundamental for the complainant to have an enlisted trademark. All that the complainant is required to demonstrate under the au. Approach is that the person have gained a customary law trademark through ‘sufficient proof of utilization or notoriety in the trademark to legitimize dependence on a custom-based law trademark’.8 The complainant has given adequate proof of its custom-based law trademark through proof showing that Quickileaks has been working as an all around perceived and got to online news source before the respondent’s

The Key to Successful Natural Disaster Essay Topics

The Key to Successful Natural Disaster Essay Topics Which means that people in some specific areas simply have to prepare for those disaster that are most likely to transpire in their region. So, it's important to comprehend what things to do in the event of an earthquake. Everybody should know a few tips to escape from the earthquake. An earthquake can strike any place in the planet, but some areas are a lot more active than others. An Emergency Operations Plan sets out the roles and obligations of the various regional government agencies that should be involved in the managing of disaster like a fire. Resources such as first aid kits are also quite important to cut back the amount of deaths. In such situations, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission along with the Department Of Energy might be called upon in order to aid in the management of such a disaster. Disaster management is the procedure of producing strategies targeted at limiting vulnerability to hazards and manages disasters like natural disasters. Disaster management Disaster management is the management of resources and duties to be able to reduce the effect of disasters. Disasters can be categorized into two primary categories based on their cause. Disaster and emergency management is the duty of the government that's required to perform the four stages of disaster administration. Others, like hurricanes and cyclones are growing in severity and destruction. Earthquakes can cause another sort of natural disaster, a substantial flood called a tsunami. But storms may also grow very large or very potent or both, and if they do, they get natural disasters. We can stop many organic disasters. In conclusion thus, it is apparent that all organic hazards has serious effect on both LEDCS and MEDCS. Therefore, they're simpler to finish. Where several humans are displaced an d post disaster there are numerous causalities. The land gets too dry and it's not possible to grow any plants. The examiners do not expect you to be a specialist on the essay topic, they simply would like you to demonstrate that you may write clearly and persuasively in English. Knowing the most frequent IELTS essay topics lets you revolve around the most essential vocabulary. Learning these words before the exam for the most frequent essay topics ought to help you get a greater vocabulary score. Try out another topic and do the exact same 5-minute writing test till you locate a topic you know it is simple to write on. The main aim of topic choice for a proposal essay is to demonstrate the idea can be put into place in practice. The option of compare and contrast essay topics isn't a simple task because you must clearly show your analytical skills. There are two primary means by which you can use the most typical IELTS essay topics to your benefit. A pollution is an excellent essay contest. In addition, repairing of crucial services like means of transportation, healthcare facilities, homes and communication facilities is essential. Additionally, the state has a vital role in disaster management since it's the link between the local government and the federal government. On the flip side, as our population grows, an increasing number of folks are in danger along the coasts. The team must also be well informed on how best to deal with various circumstances in instances of emergency. A Startling Fact about Natural Disaster Essay Topics Uncovered Locusts, as an example, can form tremendous s warms that could devour many acres of crops in a very brief time, sometimes causing famine. Key catastrophes are occurring once a fortnight typically. College students need to deal with various writing assignments each semester. If you decide on one of these topics, you'll certainly succeed to pull the interest of your audience only because they involve the latest discussion topics. For instance, you can select a topic for elementary, middle, or higher school. For more data on the most typical topics, please visit my most frequent topics page.

Elderly Adults An Aging Population - 1152 Words

Elderly adults will always be present. If the average age span of the elderly rises, then changes will be made in numerous areas. An aging population calls for a changing nation. Many advantages come with a large elderly population, yet several disadvantages come in tow as well. If that population begins to live exceeding the average lifespan of past records, then numerous accommodations will need to be made. These arrangements will ultimately have an effect on surrounding age groups. Although now looking at the repercussions of significant numbers of elderly existing at the same time can seem very dramatic, years from now as these changes are made and put into action they will grow on society and possibly benefit the nation as a whole. Change involves work, and as that work is dealt with eventually growth will occur. An aging population calls for a changing nation. The number of older adults continues to grow, soon to be the fastest growing age group. When one overrides the other, the goods and services change to those needed by that particular age group. Many advantages come with a large elderly population, yet several disadvantages come in tow as well. If that population begins to live exceeding the average lifespan of past records, then numerous accommodations will need to be made. These arrangements will ultimately have an effect on surrounding age groups. The nation shows many concerns about the growing number of persons 65 years and over living longer. â€Å"A new surveyShow MoreRelatedIt Is Never Too Late To Quit Smoking. Smoking Is A Habit1348 Words   |  6 Pageseffects on the aging process. In older adults, they see a lower quality of life due to a lifelong of smoking. Although smoking in old age has become less popular, the generation of baby boomers is going to change that statistic and will need services for cessation. It is never too late to quit; the benefits of quitting are almost instant. 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A Short Note On Anxiety Disorder And Anxiety Disorders Essay

Anxiety Case Study Wendy is a 32 year old woman who has presented at her general practitioner with a six month history of disturbed sleep, fatigue, restlessness and difficulty concentrating. On assessment, she reports that these symptoms have become worse since she was promoted at work. Wendy is in a senior position at work and now finds herself worrying constantly about work. She is also more irritable than usual and this is impacting on her relationship with her husband and she is now worried that he might leave her. She has been diagnosed with Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD). A Discuss the aetiology of anxiety disorders, and identify some specific risk factors which may have predisposed Wendy to developing GAD. (300 words) Anxiety itself is a normal human emotion, experienced regularly and on a lesser scale than those suffering from GAD disorder. Although nothing is known of Wendy’s genetics or youth, it is thought that traumatic experiences, over protective parents, â€Å"stress, biological predisposition, personality characteristics, psychodynamic factors and interpersonal and behavioural dynamics† (Elder, Evans, Nizette, 2013, p. 320) all play a part in the development of GAD. Though none have been significantly identified as definitive GAD risk factors. The age old debate of nature verses nurture is at the forefront of anxiety causation discussion. Genetically, it is been concluded that the risk of developing GAD increases, especially amongst first degreeShow MoreRelatedA Short Note On Chronic Anxiety Disorder And Depression1407 Words   |  6 PagesChronic Anxiety Paper Mr. Daniel Boyle is a spry 91 year old gentleman who has lived a full life. He was a Merchant Marine, was a MIT trained automotive engineer, and enjoyed chorus line dancing. 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Global Business Emergence of Technologic Advancement

Question: Describe about the Global Business for Emergence of Technologic Advancement. Answer: Introduction The emergence of technologic advancement helps to create several leaps in the process of communication, information, financial flows, and transportation. The particular phenomenon has continued to cause the world to feel small and smaller, as everything is coming closer to the grasp of individuals and businesses across the world (Johanson and Mattsson 2015). According to Cavusgil (2014), the continuous growth in the technologic environment has offered multiple advancements in the international trade to generate key possibility for the companies and consumers to participate in the business transactions in almost any country worldwide. Based on the survey developed by World Trade Organization, the overall volume of international merchandise has enormously increased 35 times from 1951 to 2016. As part of preparing this report, an optimum strategy for market entry will be drawn up for Ego Pharmaceuticals by considering two different international markets, such South Africa and China. Ego Pharmaceuticals is one of the constantly growing companies of Australia with the aim of expanding its market within the international platform. The company has already established its presence in the international market, where this particular paper deals with establishing its subsidiaries in either South African or Chinese market. In order to achieve such aim, the paper will attempt to recognise the key risks and opportunities from the different perspectives associated with the specific markets to make a judicious selection of the proper market. Subsequently, it will focus on developing viable market entry strategy communicating with the marketing needs and objectives of the selection company for contributing the marketing success. It is worth to mention that establishing the operations in the international market decidedly relies on the fact that international brands and products are enthusiastically accepted by the consumers of a different country (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2013). Terpstra, Foley, and Sarathy (2012) importantly mentioned that the growing impact of globalisation has caused opportunities and challenges at the same time for the organizations for building their brand and venture in overseas. The noteworthy concern is the primary reason for undertaking the study based on the two different marketplaces and developing the rational understanding in the following segments. Background of the Company Ego Pharmaceutical is privately held Australian multinational corporation operating in the pharmaceutical industry with the involvement of a wide range of skin care products and services. The company has successfully developed its principal subsidiaries in some of the prevailing markets of Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and the United Kingdom. Apart from that, the international business of Ego can also be traced in the various other worldwide locations of the entire Middle East region (Ego Pharmaceuticals 2016). From analysing the companys website, one of the dynamic facts can be identified critically suggesting that the skincare products are explored, manufactured, and marketed by the firm for over 60 years while maintaining a workforce comprising of more than 450 employees. Amongst the identified number of workers, 125 staffs are based on international locations outside of Australia. Apparently, the company was founded as a home-based business in Melbourne in 1953 by a chemist with his wife and a nurse. By the period of 1960s, the company has been able to obtain the historic growth regarding its international operations by developing its business in New Zealand, New Guinea, and Singapore. It mostly capitalised in the exporting process to expand the business to the international platform (Ego Pharmaceuticals, 2016). Subsequently, the company has provided special attention to spread its global business in the Middle East region by constructing its regional office in Dubai. Apparently, the company is highly interested in providing critical priority in one of two markets of South Africa and China. For supporting the fulfilment of the identified aim, the subsequent information is developed for contributing the roles played by the department of international operation management. Analysis of Risks and Challenges Johanson and Mattsson (2015) have explained, when a firm make appropriate investment in the foreign market with the inclusion of a value-generating managerial and technological aptitude, both the customers from the target market and the shareholders of the company can be able to take benefits. However, achieving success through the international operations is far from assurance regardless the involvement of an obvious fit between the offerings of the foreign companies and the demands from the host countries (Papadopoulos and Heslop 2014). There is vast array of factors associated with the emerging and developed economies as political events, economic environment, and changes in societal attitudes continuously disrupting the outcomes of the best-laid plans for different economies. In the midst of the interplay of these forces, a multinational firm must need to make prominent choices by identifying the risks and selecting the appropriate approach for capturing the market. Risks and Challenges associated with South African Market The market position of South Africa is placed perfectly to take advantage of Sub-Saharan African environment driving the expectation of high level of growth rate in the different industries during the coming period (Terpstra, Foley, and Sarathy 2012). Due to such reason, increasing the number of companies and investors from dissimilar parts of the world including Europe and US are continuously seeking to capture the opportunities from the target market outside of their traditional marketing barriers. However, by the investigation from the commercial perspective, the market provides least amount of chances regarding the outside penetration irrespective of the robust market structure of its pharmaceutical industry (Paliwoda and Thomas 2013). Based on the study developed by Czinkota and Ronkainen (2013), restriction in market entry is considerably caused by the combined impact from various global, political, social, and economic tensions putting huge pressure on the South African managers. From the financial perspective, the practical participation of South African Reserve Bank is observed significantly due to the uniqueness of roles and functions played by the financial institution. The particular involvement of foundation has caused the risk management not only relying on the risk and return considerations but also taking account of the public interest by keeping the statutory and constitutional responsibilities in the same line (Wei, Samiee, and Lee 2014). In order to develop an international business process within the identified market, the critical investments of the company may significantly give rise to the multiple chief financial challenges like liquidity risk, market risk, and credit risk. With reference to Cavusgil (2014), the result of the investigation related to the outlook for the overall country suggests, the current economy is experiencing a much worse economy and constantly moving towards Fed lift-off. In such scenario, the country is expected having an insightful potential effect in its recent market trends through some major shifts in the sentiment on domestic characteristics (Shi et al. 2014). However, such criteria should need to be present in the marketers agenda. Lastly, the cross-cultural factors associated with the development of business activities by Ego Pharmaceuticals in South Africa are expected to pose some invisible barriers to business communications involving skills and strategies (Hilmersson and Jansson 2012). The particular business would encounter principle level of issues in embedding the cultural values, norms, and characteristics during manufacturing and distributing their skin care products effectively. Risks and Challenges associated with Chinese Market From the commercial aspect, an excessive level of importance is required to be provided by the marketers of an international firm for developing business platform in China. According to Turnball and Vall (2013), the Chinese economy is experiencing a great deal of challenges in its economies, as the country is involved in a huge number of commercial transactions from decades. Over the decades, the country participates in lofty volume of allocation related to funds and physical goods causing the overall scenario to become complicated (Shani and Chalasani 2013). However, Wei, Samiee, and Lee (2014) have clarified that the onset of increasing credit, demand for money, and economic development has contributed to the improvement of the identified risks from the commercial environment by raising the price approximately by 36 percent from 1987 to a1988. From the financial viewpoint, the specific market of the Chinese economy is going through a domestic reformation agenda extensively influenced by the sluggish growth of the countrys GDP over the past few years (Majaro 2013). Some of the critical factors observed during the investigation are continuously plummeting prices of production, weakening investment, production, imports, and economic activities. The combination of these factors has raised a detrimental effect to the overall financial environment of China. Based on the country specific viewpoint, it can be investigated that the Chinese market is indeed a growing pool of investments with the numerous application of trade and manufacturing activities. Due to such fact, increasing amount of companies from different countries is developing their international marketing strategies for entering the Chinese market for extending their business. Apart from the fundamental progress of the economy offering benefits to a large number of firms, new market entrants are gradually becoming more exposed to the substantial strain of competition (Piercy 2014). Lastly, the cross-cultural characteristics associated with the Chinese market are highly different from the Western countries like USA or Australia. Based on the findings outlined by Papadopoulos and Heslop (2014), China is noted as one of the most popular business destinations in Asia driving the particular nation to engage in the international collaboration with a diverse range of foreign partners. The special gaps regarding the cultural perspectives between Australia and China provide a critical degree of threats and challenges to the marketers of Ego to establish its business in the country (Brouthers 2013). Selection of Destination Country Based on the comparison of two different markets of South Africa and China, a proper selection should need to be made for providing assistance in securing the international marketing aim of the chosen organization. The result of the company analysis suggests that the firm has already established its international brand image in the Asian market. Therefore, this particular scenario is a profound platform for the company to establish its international presence in the African market. Therefore, from the preliminary viewpoint, the South African market seems to be an ideal scope for the company for providing the major focus. In case of the Chinese market, the market is full of tight competition with the parallel existence of the domestic firms as well as the key international market entrants (Reardon, Coe, and Miller 2015). Therefore, the marketing planning and investment may encounter a superior level of threats during their application within the identified market. Paliwoda and Thomas (2013) have signified the requirement of an elevated level of skills and techniques to be possessed by the marketers of a company to promote the establishment and smooth functioning of business in the Chinese market. Additionally, the sufficient involvement of the market players in progressing economy of the country has caused multiple diversities and complications in setting up a legitimate business activity in the Chinese market (Wei, Samiee, and Lee 2014). On the other hand, the study conducted by considering the marketplace of South Africa, the government offers the marketers and investors the satisfactory stability of a developed country. The individual sustainability is offered to the foreign companies operating in the marketplace by providing sufficient opportunities from its vibrant emerging market and associated climate (Papadopoulos and Heslop 2014). The combination of climate and constantly progressing market environment is highly capable of fostering the growth of international business within the country. Additionally, concerning the statement carried forwarded by Shi et al. (2015), the specific market is not highly swarmed by the participation of multiple market players due to the restrictions in entering the foreign market. Based on the comparative overview, South Africa can be referred to as the most sophisticated, diverse, and promising market for Ego Pharmaceuticals for ensuring capturing vivid opportunities from the emerging market (Piercy 2014). Lastly, from the outcomes of investigation, it is also observed that the particular market is strategically located at the centre of African continent receiving key investment opportunities to elevate the overall commercial platform. Discussion and Justification of Proposed Entry Mode for the Chosen Country Various ways are supporting a company to penetrate into the foreign markets. Out of the variety of methods, exporting, franchising, and contract manufacturing are the some of the important techniques applied wisely by the marketers to enter in a chosen international market. According to Czinkota and Ronkainen (2013), the marketers need to evaluate the specific risks and opportunities linked to their target market to judge the validity of nature related to the identified market entry strategy. Based on the company information, Ego Pharmaceutical has a vast range of experience in developing international business in the global market through the application of exporting strategies. Exporting is referred to as one of the most traditional and well-established forms of ensuring the establishment of international marketing initiatives in the global podium (Terpstra, Foley, and Sarathy 2012). Exporting simply deals with marketing the manufactured product of an individual company from one co untry to another. In order to develop an international marketing relationship in the South African market, exporting strategies should need to be employed by the marketers of Ego guided by the simplicity of the process. Apart from that, the overall approach discerns the engrossment of any direct manufacturing hub in the overseas market and downsizing the cost of investment in the overall marketing approach (Brouthers 2013). The selection of exporting strategy is based on the tendency of limited requirement of marketing information as compared to the contract manufacturing. Due to such factor, the overall process also negates necessary involvement of comprehensive marketing strategy in the first place. Alternatively, Turnball and Valla (2013) explained, exporting process eliminates the worries related to developing a suitable control over the market, unlike the venturing method. Most importantly, the exporting mode provides some critical advantages to the Australian drug manufacturing company, as the manufacturing operations will remain home-based driving the overseas operations to become less risky (Majaro 2013). Furthermore, the particular mode will provide vigorous opportunities to Ego for learning the overseas market before deciding upon investing in bricks and mortar stores. Figure 1: Suitable Export Marketing Model for Ego Pharmaceuticals for marketing its skincare products in the international market (Source: Turnbull and Valla 2013) Conclusion From the overall investigation and theoretical guidelines, it is estimated that the South African market is continuously becoming demanding to position it as one of the promising markets in the heart of African continent. It is also understood that Chinese market, despite becoming one of the fastest growing economies in the Asian content creating an extraordinary level of troubles and vulnerabilities for a new market entrant. It is critically observed that the economic growth offered by identified market highly contributes to the growth of industrialisation, which should need to be capitalised by Ego Pharmaceuticals through the implementation of a robust exporting strategy. The particular process will drastically contribute to achieving the critical aims regarding business expansion. References Brouthers, K.D., 2013. Institutional, cultural and transaction cost influences on entry mode choice and performance.Journal of International Business Studies,44(1), pp.1-13. Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. and Rose, E.L., 2014.International business. Pearson Australia. Czinkota, M.R. and Ronkainen, I.A., 2013.International marketing. Cengage Learning. Ego Pharmaceuticals., 2016. History - Ego Pharmaceuticals. [online] Available at: https://www.egopharm.com/company/history/ [Accessed 21 Sep. 2016]. Ego Pharmaceuticals., 2016. The Ego Pharmaceuticals History, Evolution Success Story. [online] Available at: https://www.egopharm.com/our-story/ [Accessed 21 Sep. 2016]. Hilmersson, M. and Jansson, H., 2012. Reducing uncertainty in the emerging market entry process: on the relationship among international experiential knowledge, institutional distance, and uncertainty.Journal of International Marketing,20(4), pp.96-110. Johanson, J. and Mattsson, L.G., 2015. Internationalisation in industrial systemsa network approach. InKnowledge, Networks and Power(pp. 111-132). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Majaro, S., 2013.International Marketing (RLE International Business): A Strategic Approach to World Markets. Routledge. Paliwoda, S. and Thomas, M., 2013.International marketing. Routledge. Papadopoulos, N. and Heslop, L.A., 2014.Product-country images: Impact and role in international marketing. Routledge. Piercy, N., 2014.Export Strategy: Markets and Competition (RLE Marketing). Routledge. Reardon, J., Coe, B. and Miller, C., 2015. Exploration of Expansion and Associated Timing Strategies for International Market Entry. InProceedings of the 1996 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 26-30). Springer International Publishing. Shani, D. and Chalasani, S., 2013. Exploiting niches using relationship marketing.Journal of Services Marketing. Shi, W.S., Sun, S.L., Pinkham, B.C. and Peng, M.W., 2014. Domestic alliance network to attract foreign partners: Evidence from international joint ventures in China.Journal of International Business Studies,45(3), pp.338-362. Terpstra, V., Foley, J. and Sarathy, R., 2012.International marketing. Naper Press. Turnbull, P.W. and Valla, J.P. eds., 2013.Strategies for international industrial marketing. Routledge. Wei, Y.S., Samiee, S. and Lee, R.P., 2014. The influence of organic organizational cultures, market responsiveness, and product strategy on firm performance in an emerging market.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,42(1), pp.49-70.

The Salem Witch Trial

A Beginners Guide to the French Revolution

A Beginner's Guide to the French Revolution Between 1789 and 1802, France was wracked by a revolution which radically changed the government, administration, military, and culture of the nation as well as plunging Europe into a series of wars. France went from a largely feudal state under an absolutist monarch through the French Revolution to a republic which executed the king and then to an empire under Napoleon Bonaparte. Not only were centuries of law, tradition, and practice wiped away by a revolution few people had been able to predict going this far, but warfare spread the revolution across Europe, changing the continent permanently. Key People King Louis XVI: King of France when the revolution began in 1789, he was executed in 1792.Emmanuel Sieyà ¨s: Deputy who helped radicalize the third estate and instigated the coup which brought the consuls to power.Jean-Paul Marat: Popular journalist who advocated extreme measures against traitors and hoarders. Assassinated in 1793.Maximilien Robespierre: Lawyer who went from advocating an end to the death penalty to the architect of the Terror. Executed in 1794.Napoleon Bonaparte: French general whose rise to power brought the revolution to an end. Dates Although historians are agreed that the French Revolution started in 1789, they are divided on the end date. A few histories stop in 1795 with the creation of the Directory, some stop in 1799 with the creation of the Consulate, while many more stop in 1802, when Napoleon Bonaparte became Consul for Life, or 1804 when he became Emperor. A rare few continue to the restoration of the monarchy in 1814. In Brief A medium-term financial crisis, caused partly by Frances decisive involvement in the American Revolutionary War, led to the French crown first calling an Assembly of Notables and then, in 1789, a meeting called the Estates General in order to gain assent for new tax laws. The Enlightenment had affected the views of middle-class French society to the point where they demanded involvement in government and the financial crisis gave them a way in to get it. The Estates General was composed of three Estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the rest of France, but there were arguments over how fair this was: the Third Estate was far larger than the other two but only had a third of the vote. Debate ensued, with a call for the Third getting a bigger say. This Third Estate, informed by long term doubts over the constitution of France and the development of a new social order of bourgeoisie, declared itself a National Assembly and decreed the suspension of taxation, taking French sovereignty i nto its own hands. After a power struggle which saw the National Assembly take the Tennis Court Oath not to disband, the king gave in and the Assembly began reforming France, scrapping the old system and drawing up a new constitution with a Legislative Assembly. This continued the reforms but it created divisions in France by legislating against the church and declaring war on nations which supported the French king. In 1792, a second revolution  took place, as Jacobins and sansculottes forced the Assembly to replace itself with a National Convention which abolished the monarchy, declared France a republic and in 1793, executed the king. As the Revolutionary Wars went against France, as regions angry at attacks on the church and conscription rebelled and as the revolution became increasingly radicalized, the National Convention created a Committee of Public Safety to run France in 1793. After a struggle between political factions called the Girondins and the Montagnards was won by the latter, an era of bloody measures called The Terror began, when over 16,000 people were guillotined. In 1794, the revolution again changed, this time turning against the Terror and its architect Robespierre. The Terrorists were removed in a coup and a new constitution was drawn up which created, in 1795, a new legislative system run by a Directory of five men. This remained in power thanks to rigging elections and purging the assemblies before being replaced, thanks to the army and a general called Napoleon Bonaparte, by a new constitution in 1799 which created three consuls to rule France. Bonaparte was the first consul and, while the reform of France continued, Bonaparte managed to bring the revolutionary wars to a close and have himself declared consul for life. In 1804 he crowned himself Emperor of France; the revolution was over, the empire had begun. Consequences There is universal agreement that the political and administrative face of France was wholly altered: a republic based around elected- mainly bourgeois- deputies replaced a monarchy supported by nobles while the many and varied feudal systems were replaced by new, usually elected institutions which were applied universally across France. The culture was also affected, at least in the short term, with the revolution permeating every creative endeavor. However, there is still debate over whether the revolution permanently changed the social structures of France or whether they were only altered in the short term. Europe was also changed. The revolutionaries of 1792 began a war which extended through the Imperial period and forced nations to marshal their resources to a greater extent than ever before. Some areas, like Belgium and Switzerland, became client states of France with reforms similar to those of the revolution. National identities also began coalescing like never before. The many and fast developing ideologies of the revolution were also spread across Europe, helped by French being the continental elite’s dominant language. The French Revolution has often been called the start of the modern world, and while this is an exaggeration- many of the supposed revolutionary developments had precursors- it was an epochal event that permanently changed the European mindset. Patriotism, devotion to the state instead of the monarch, mass warfare, all became solidified in the modern mind.

Production Planning & Quality Management- MGMT430 - 1401A 01 Unit 3 Essay

Production Planning & Quality Management- MGMT430 - 1401A 01 Unit 3 - Essay Example 1-55). Therefore, the lesser defects, the higher the quality. Cost is a crucial metric of production in terms of considering that costs of materials and labor would be an input to the unit price of the products being offered. Thus, the lower the costs of the materials and labor, the lower the unit price that the organization could peg to the consumers. This cost component would be instrumental in the pricing strategy that would be designed to ensure competitive advantage within the specialty memory chip market. Timeliness was described as â€Å"whether a unit of work was done on time† (Section 1: Development Process, n.d., p. 1-55). This metric measures the ability of the organization to produce in the most limited number of time and within the stipulated delivery period. Since there is a noted pre-order of as much as 10 million units of a new cellular phone memory chip, the time element is crucial to ensure that these parts are delivered within the given time frame. Currently, flexibility is a metric that needs evaluation and focus. With the identified six key products and 24 distinct products, customers who might require specialized parts that cater to their distinct needs and requirements. Thus, there is a need to evaluate standardization of products produced using similar machines; or producing more varied products with standardized machines. Productivity is actually defined as â€Å"the amount of a resource used to produce a unit of work† (Section 1: Development Process, n.d., p. 1-55). This is an important metric since it defines the number of output produced using the amount of inputs (raw materials and labor). The organization’s productivity would therefore be measured according to how efficiently the resources are used to produce the needed products. Efficiency is deemed an important metric of production since it ensures that a task (production) is undertaken with the minimum use of resources but that which optimized the outcome. It

Developing and Managing Performance (Organisation Essay

Developing and Managing Performance (Organisation - Essay Example In order to enhance performance, it will be essential to develop a reward system whereby the best performing individuals will be rewarding, thus promoting competency in their undertakings. (Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, 2012, p.1). The senior management team will also undergo extensive training on various management perspectives, which will ensure that they will guide their juniors appropriately. This will be implanted in line with the current technological developments to ensure that efficiency is enhanced, which would consequently improve the overall performance of the company. 6 Strategies to Implement 6 Reward System 8 Challenges and How to Overcome Them 8 Conclusion and Recommendations 10 Developing and Managing Performance in an Organisation Executive Summary This report contains a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the different challenges faced when implementing and developing performance management and reward strategy. It puts forward the Bath model e laborating on how it can be used for performance management; moreover, a reward strategy has also been put in place with its significance being indicated. Significantly, the report starts by evaluating the challenges that are known to initiate from implementation, since this is known to be the basis of all the other problems, and proposed a number of ways that they can be countered so as to ensure that the strategic plan goes through to the end without any difficulties altogether. Introduction Over the years, there has been a lot of attention given to performance management and development with the demand for thorough information being actually intensified with the economic downfall. Human resources specialists have toiled to make sure that they keenly evaluate performance between relevant and fair measures putting most of their focus and efforts on essential aspects of any business. Essentially, the different efforts have circled around making sure that the processes are similar in nature with the requirements of a changing breed of line manager, and stream line the systems that are paper based and facilitate admittance through media. Nonetheless, most of the human resource strategies that have been implemented in the past are also focused on ensuring that managing the performance delivers in an environment where the evolution of numbers and effect on organisational brand and innovation is based on the ways of the business success. Concurrently, the report focuses on evaluating the challenges an organisation may incur when putting into place a performance and reward strategy using knowledge from the results of past case studies and theories from different specialists on the field, but mostly on human resources. Currently, the nature of work is altering with diverse organisations and corporations operating in more of a specialized network that is also flexible and natural; basically, the frequency of strategic partnering arrangements between organisations incr easing the need for management relationships to be managed beyond the organisation and hence further work is required. On the other hand, reward systems are also a critical part of any organisations design and how well they are compatible with the rest of the systems has an equal effect on to what extent they will be

Imogene king Essay Example for Free

Imogene king Essay As Hall (1965) says; â€Å"To look at and listen to self is often too difficult without the help of a significant figure (nurturer) who has learned how to hold up a mirror and sounding board to invite the behaver to look and listen to himself. If he accepts the invitation, he will explore the concerns in his acts and as he listens to his exploration through the reflection of the nurse, he may uncover in sequence his difficulties, the problem area, his problem, and eventually the threat which is dictating his out-of-control behavior. † Major Concepts The individual human who is 16 years of age or older and past the acute stage of a long-term illness is the focus of nursing care in Hall’s work. The source of energy and motivation for healing is the individual care recipient, not the health care provider. Hall emphasizes the importance of the individual as unique, capable of growth and learning, and requiring a total person approach. Health can be inferred to be a state of self-awareness with conscious selection of behaviors that are optimal for that individual. Hall stresses the need to help the person explore the meaning of his or her behavior to identify and overcome problems through developing self-identity and maturity. The concept of society/environment is dealt with in relation to the individual. Hall is credited with developing the concept of Loeb Center because she assumed that the hospital environment during treatment of acute illness creates a difficult psychological experience for the ill individual (Bowar-Ferres, 1975). Loeb Center focuses on providing an environment that is conducive to self-development. In such a setting, the focus of the action of the nurses is the individual, so that any actions taken in relation to society or environment are for the purpose of assisting the individual in attaining a personal goal. Nursing is identified as consisting of participation in the care, core, and cure aspects of patient care. Subconcepts The Care Circle It represents the nurturing component of nursing and is exclusive to nursing. Nurturing involves using the factors that make up the concept of mothering (care and comfort of the person) and provide for teaching-learning activities. The professional nurse provides bodily care for the patient and helps the patient complete such basic daily biological functions as eating, bathing, elimination, and dressing. When providing this care, the nurse’s goal is the comfort of the patient. Providing care for a patient at the basic needs level presents the nurse and patient with an opportunity for closeness. As closeness develops, the patient can share and explore feelings with the nurse. The Core Circle It is based in the social sciences, involves the therapeutic use of self, and is shared with other members of the health team. The professional nurse, by developing an interpersonal relationship with the patient, is able to help the patient verbally express feelings regarding the disease process and its effects. Through such expression, the patient is able to gain self-identity and further develop maturity. The professional nurse, by the use of reflective technique (acting as a mirror to the patient), helps the patient look at and explore feelings regarding his or her current health status and related potential changes in lifestyle. Motivations are discovered through the process of bringing into awareness the feelings being experienced. With this awareness, the patient is now able to make conscious decisions based on understood and accepted feelings and motivation. The Cure Circle It is based in the pathological and therapeutic sciences and is shared with other members of the health team. During this aspect of nursing care, the nurse is an active advocate of the patient. Assumptions The motivation and energy necessary for healing exist within the patient, rather than in the health care team. The three aspects of nursing should not be viewed as functioning independently but as interrelated. The three aspects interact, and the circles representing them change size, depending on the patient’s total course of progress. Strengths/Weaknesses Strengths: The use of the terms care, core, and cure are unique to Hall. Hall’s work appears to be completely and simply logical. Weaknesses: Hall’s work is simple in its presentation. However, the openness and flexibility required for its application may not be so simple for nurses whose personality, educational preparation, and experience have not prepared them to function with minimal structure. This and the self-imposed age and illness requirements limit the generalizability. Analysis Hall imposed an age requirement for the application of her theory which is 16 years of age and above. This limits the theory since it cannot be disregarded that nurses are faced with pediatric clients every now and then. Even though Hall confined her concepts for that age bracket, the concepts of care, core and cure can still be applied to every age group but again, none was specified. The only tool of therapeutic communication Hall discussed is reflection. By inference, all other techniques of therapeutic communication are eliminated. Reflection is not always the most effective technique to be used. The concept of a patient aggregate such as having families and communities as the focus of nursing practice was not tackled. It is purely on the individual himself. Although, the role of the family or the community within the patient’s environment was modestly discussed. In the focus of nursing care in Hall’s concepts, the individual must pass an acute stage of illness for you to successfully apply her theory. Therefore, this theory relates only to those who are ill. This indicates that no nursing contact with healthy individuals, families, or communities, and it negates the concept of health maintenance and disease prevention.

Native Americans Essays -- essays research papers fc

People have been living in the Americas for thousands of years. Only fairly recently, the past few hundred years, have foreigners begun to arrive and drastically disrupt the way of life of the aboriginal population. The situation has become so severe that a population that was one believed to be numbered in the millions, was at one point reduced to as few as 220,000 in 1910, and entire tribes have been either irretrievably warped or have disappeared altogether. While Native American Indians have almost completely recovered population-wise, they will never catch up to the rest of the world, and their culture can never fully recuperate. At the time the United States was settled by Europeans, it was abundantly populated by dozens of separate nations with diverse civilizations and cultures. Like other colonized regions, the indigenous people suffered first from the introduction of diseases that were common in the regions that the settlers were from, to which the Indians had no immunity. It is believed that millions died of smallpox, measles, whooping cough, and influenza. Some estimate that such epidemics were responsible for more than 80 million deaths during the early colonial period alone. Although The Indians numbers were never accurately recorded (estimates have ranged from in the low millions to as much as around a hundred million) it is certain that they are far from a complete recovery. For nearly 300 years the population of Native Americans had been declining, since shortly after Columbus arrived in the Western Hemisphere to a while after the civil war. But starting in the beginning of the 20th century the United States census bureau has reported an almost continuous increases in native populations (with some exceptions, notably an influenza epidemic that occurred in 1918). From the 1980’s to the 1990’s there is reported a growth of almost 500,000; from 1,478,523 in 1980 to 1,937,391 in 1990. Despite these promising statistics the population of Native Americans is only a small fraction (0.8 percent) of the hundreds of millions of other inhabitants in the United States. Despite their initial confusion to their situation after the arrival of Europeans, the Native Americans did not take their disenfranchisement from their own land lying down. Native Americans have a long history of "fighting back" against invaders encroaching on the land that ... ... remained of their once vast civilization, Native Americans were beginning to make a recovery. Despite a long history of disease, broken treaties, and constant removal from their own land Native Americans can finally focus within their own society to try to rebuild what they have lost. Although they may never fully recover, Native American Indians are at the best position they have ever been in since their exposure foreign influences. Bibliography Bibliography Zinn, Howard. A Peoples History of The United States. 1980, pp. 124-146. Josephy, Alvin M. The Indian Heritage of America. New York, 1968. Pp. 53, 116. _________. Through Indian Eyes. New York, 1995, Pp. 330-332, 383. Oswalt, Wendell H. This Land Was Theirs: A Study of The North American Indian. 1966, Pp. 399-400. "Indian Images." News report. ________. "First Nations Histories." http://www.tolatsga.org/compacts.html ________. "Top 25 Native American Tribes." US Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/race/indian/ailang1.txt (1995) ________. "The Native American Peoples: A History of Genocide." Boabab Press http://www.africa2000.com/bndx/ba0320.htm (2000)

A Critical Reflection of My Own Experience of Leadership

Introduction This critical reflection is focused on my own experience of leadership whereby I suggest areas for my own development. I am also using herewith leadership theory and concepts in analysing and evaluating the leadership case that I am presenting. Leadership is a process or series of actions directed toward group goals; it is a consistently demonstrated pattern of behaviour with certain objectives (Ricketts and Ricketts, 2011). The leadership experience that this paper tackles is centred on my previous supervisor in a previous job, who I call â€Å"Mr. M.† I deem it interesting to use my experience with his leadership case as I believe this would allow me to suggest areas for my own development. The case is therefore an observation of leadership in action where I am not a leader. Critical Reflection: Analysis and Evaluation Mr. M delegates tasks as a way to manage the myriad responsibilities within the workplace. Often, meetings are called for in order to update the whole team on the work that members have accomplished. Mr. M’s listening skills were excellent, in that he never missed any single point of information being related to him. From this set of information, he was able to synthesise clearly the ideas being presented to him; regard each chunk of information as a potential contribution to what the team was trying to achieve, and identify the problems and challenges along the way. He did all this with the help of the team, in which it must also be noted that teamwork is a necessary element of leadership, which must be considered in successful leadership (Parker, 2008). A good attribute that was commendable of Mr. M was his ability to see positively a certain scenario despite our perceived griminess of it. He was a democratic leader who held the final responsibility whilst delegating authority to others. With his leadership, our communication – both upward and downward – was active. There was likewise high employee commitment because we were able to participate in the decision-making process of our team. This way, Mr. M. was able to encourage employees to function beyond just being rank-and-file workers. This concept of leadership was also present in Pride and colleagues (2010) in their discussion of leadership styles. Moreover, this scenario was harmonious with transformational leadership theory, which is focused on people’s interaction with others as they create a solid relationship that leads to trust, which in turn leads to increased intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in both the leader and the followers (Gittens, 2009; Lu ssier and Achua, 2010). Job autonomy was also encouraged much in the team and the organisation itself, with a minimum space for supervision from the supervisor himself. This way, as a member of the team, I was able to enhance my commitment to the job as I likewise felt being the one who owned the tasks and felt a sense of achievement in return. Greater job autonomy certainly created identity in the job amongst us who were tasked to fulfill them. This atmosphere of responsibility and autonomy made me and the others appreciate our jobs better. This was also parallel to what Bligh and Riggio (2013) say about autonomy and job control in which they claimed that they (autonomy and job control) lead to employee empowerment. May I say that my own engagement with my work was drawn from high levels of empowerment and autonomy, which my supervisor helped to foster, especially in leader-follower distance, with the leader not always being present to look over the followers’ shoulders (e.g. Bligh and Riggio, 2013 ). Transactional theory could be found in the case example, whereby it demonstrates a transaction between the leader and the followers, giving importance to a positive and mutually beneficial relationship (Martin et al., 2006). The effectiveness of this theory is found in the development of a mutually reinforcing environment, for which individual goals and those of the organisation are in synch. Furthermore, problem solving was not a sole task of our supervisor, but one that involved everyone in our team; thus, a group-shared activity. Mr. M acted as much to take the role of a facilitator in his intention to involve everyone in problem solving, laying down his views and opinions toward a particular direction, without dismissing others’ perspectives. The path-goal theory is seen in this example, whereby the leader directs activities, with varying manners. The theory maintains that the leader sees a path that needs to be trod and gets the group to accomplish it by commanding, rewarding, soliciting suggestions, etc. (Griffin and Moorhead, 2012). However, I came to know that he did not go through development programmes for creative problem solving, which I think is necessary, considering that for a leader, the use of collaborative skills and creativity techniques is part of the leadership strategy, just as what Higgins (2012) had suggested. In this regard, since Mr. M enabled his people to work well in delegation, he was able to function well as a coach. He was the kind who was willing to delegate and was comfortable to hand off assignments to the team. The kind of matters he delegated to those he led was not simply those referring to tasks but to responsibilities, which also harmonised with the discussion of Lussier and Achua (2010). Mr. M was not the kind of leader who would think that he was the boss with adequate knowledge and experience as an approach to problem solving. Solving problems by a leader because he thinks he is the most capable one is what Tracy (2013) called reverse delegation. Instead, Mr. M avoids committing this reverse delegation by making us define the problem clearly, developing a range of solutions, and selecting a solution being recommended. I believe Mr. M was able to grow his staff – which was one of his major responsibilities as a leader – by helping them develop problem-sol ving skills. I once asked him for a solution to a certain problem, and his responses was (as always) â€Å"What do you think must be done in this situation?† Thus, in many cases, he was able to make team members determine the best course of action for a certain problem or situation. There were times when a problem seemed too overwhelming to be handled by a member and would seek his help, to which his usual response would be to insist that the person must learn how to do it, with his guidance. Incidentally, Tracy (2013) stated that in case an employee returns to the leader with a complain that he/she could not do the job rightly, it is better for both of them if the leader guides the person in accomplishing the job rather than taking it back and adding it to his load, which is probably full. As much as he could, Mr. M does not take sides or intervene in interpersonal problems, to which some people in our team would attempt to make him a mediator or a counselor. His tendency was not to express an opinion showing favour to one party over the other. This stance was also taken as positive by Tracy (2013), who said that as a rule, one would not be able to have the full story, and once a leader takes a particular position, it might mean weakening his authority with both persons in the future. As a result of good performance, the performing employee was rewarded by the leader. Areas for My Own Development Based on the case presented, the suggested areas for my own development as a leader are: delegating responsibilities to my team members, promoting decision-making through problem solving, and motivating the workforce through a high degree of autonomy and job control. I have learned through this exercise that delegating responsibilities is not only to free or unburden the leader of the many workloads but to provide opportunities for growth. Similarly, involving the whole team toward a problem-solving activity results in providing an opportunity for decision making. Noteworthy here is the fact that decision making allows employees to become more involved in the job (Bhattacharya and McGlothlin, 2011). I am also noting that a high level of autonomy in the job necessitates corresponding skills sets for the work, in which employees with high job autonomy tend to perceive greater responsibility for either the success or failure of their efforts, and are also likely to experience increased job satisfaction (Lewis et al., 2007). My members’ skills must therefore be in synch with the level of autonomy required in their job, and that I could help them work on developing their skills through related training and coaching. Conclusion To conclude, the leader plays a crucial role in the development of members and in achieving organisational goals. This insight was demonstrated by this critical reflection through its discussion of delegation, problem solving, job autonomy, and maintaining one’s authority by not taking sides in members’ problems with interpersonal relationships. Mr. M was able to promote trust and motivation both for himself and for his team members, typical of transformational leadership theory. Transactional theory had also demonstrated a specific transaction based on a mutually beneficial relationship between the leader and the followers. This case also complemented with the path-goal theory in which the leader guides the members in treading a desired path. The case led to identification of my own areas for development. References Bhattacharya, A. and McGlothlin, J. D. (2011) Occupational Ergonomics: Theory and Applications. Second Edition. NW: CRC Press. Bligh, M. C. and Riggio, R. E. (2013) Exploring Distance in Leader-Follower Relationships: When Near is Far and Far is Near. NY: Routledge. Gittens, B. E. (2008) Perceptions of the Applicability of Transformational Leadership Behavior to the Leader Role of Academic Department Chairs: A Study of Selected Universities in Virginia. Parkway: ProQuest LLC. Griffin, R. W. and Moorhead, G. (2012) Organizational Behavior. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage-Learning. Higgins, J. M. (2012) The role of HR in fostering innovation in organizations. In G. M. Benscoter (Ed.) The Encyclopedia of Human Resource Management: Thematic Essays (pp. 226-238). NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Lewis, P., Goodman, S., Fandt, P., and Michlitsch, J. (2007) Management: Challenges for Tomorrow’s Leaders. Mason, OH: Thomson Higher Education. Lussier, R. and Achua, C. (2010) Leadership: Theory, Application, and Skill Development. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Martin, B., Cashel, C., Wagstaff, M., and Breunig, M. (2006) Outdoor Leadership: Theory and Practice. IL: Human Kinetics. Parker, G. M. (2008) Team Players and Teamwork: New Strategies for Developing Successful Collaboration. NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Pride, W., Hughes, R., and Kapoor, J. (2010) Business. Tenth Edition. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Ricketts, C. and Ricketts, J. (2011) Leadership: Personal Development Career Success. Third Edition. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Tracy, B. (2013) Delegation and Supervision. NY: AMACOM.

Essay on Communication Processes - 754 Words

Communication Processes Communication occupies up to 75% of every working day and can occur in verbal and non-verbal means. In order for an organization to be successful, it must demonstrate successful communication among staff members. Communication is considered to be successful when the desired objective is attained. All communication has a purpose, whether to inform, to convince or to serve some other purpose; communication is what ties all departments within an organization together. Without communication an organization is sure to fail. Within the University of Texas- University Health Services, one can observe several means of successful communication. It is this form of communication that ensures quality patient care,†¦show more content†¦The policies are sent as an attachment to a message that instructs the staff members to review the policy changes. Once the manager feels the staff has had an adequate amount of time to review the policy, he will then personally ask each employee if they u nderstand the changes or if they have any questions. If there are questions the manager will take the time to answer them and then he will send out an additional email regarding the question and answer to the rest of the staff. This additional email ensures all staff members are completely informed. According to shamanic teacher and healer Don Miguel Ruiz, one should not make assumptions (Four Agreements, 1997). When assumptions are made, mistakes or misunderstanding are likely to occur. This is evident at UHS when unsuccessful communication occurs. When the sender of a message assumes the receivers will understand the message completely, miscommunication can occur. One recent example of this occurred between an employee from the benefits department and a nursing staff member. During communication via email, the benefit employee lined up the numbers regarding the nurses insurance premiums. The benefit employee assumed the nurse would understand what all the numbers represented; ther efore, she did not follow-up with the nurse. When the nurse questioned the numbers, she emailed the benefit employee with her concerns. Again the benefit employee lined up the numbers with explanations via another email. AfterShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Communication: Processes Underlying Communication Success and Failure2587 Words   |  11 Pagesfor assessment must have this cover sheet attached. Please type in your details then copy and paste to the front of your assignment and save the file ready to upload. 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